The Runaway Slave at Pilgrims Point Analysis - Literature Essay Samples

‘The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point,’ by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, is a dramatic monologue spoken through the voice of a female runaway slave. Browning was an abolitionist. In this poem, Browning deviates from the traditional values of motherhood and creates a narration where the speaker kills her child, who is a product of this oppressive system. The narrator of this poem recounts the details and circumstances under which she murders her child; the speaker depicts the extent to which slavery has dehumanized and deprived her of her maternal instincts. The narrator’s tone imbues an overwhelming feeling of unease and eeriness in stanza XIX. The structure of the stanza reveals flaws about this mother-child relationship. First, the rhyme scheme in this stanza, ababcdb, is irregular. Although the first four lines have an alternating rhyme scheme, line 131 ends with the word ‘mother’ while line 132 ends with the word ‘child.’[1] The two words do not rhyme and hence create a jagged flow to the stanza. There is something unique about the narrator’s relationship with her child, but up to and including the phrase, ‘little feet’ (128), the nature of the relationship is unclear. The emphasis on the baby’s feet and the adjective ‘little,’ is a generic and a common description for a mother to use about her child; however, the next phrase, ‘that never grew;’ (128) creates alarm and hints at the baby’s fate. A semi-colon is attached to the end of this phr ase, which according to The Poetry Handbook is ‘an intermediate stop’ and provides a means to change topics.[2] The narrator is foreshadowing but does not expand on the brief premonition. The speaker says the baby ‘beat with his head and feet, / His little feet that never grew; / He struck them out, as it was meet’ (127-129). Consonance perforates these lines—the â€Å"t† sound is often repeated—forcing readers to enunciate each word carefully. Therefore, even though the phrase â€Å"never grew,† is only two words, the narrator makes sure that it is not overlooked. The meter here generates a steady beat, as it is dominated by iambs. This creates an even beat, which juxtaposes against the unevenness of the rhyme scheme. The line ‘He struck them out, as it was meet,’ (129) is in iambs, and this song-like beat contributes to the ominous mood. She uses the phrase ‘like a mother— /’ (131) followed by a dash and a line break. The combination of the punctuation mark and specific lineation displays her inability to complete her thought. The speaker seems to be preoccupied with the word ‘mother,’ and takes time to regain her speech. While the narrator stresses the second and fourth syllables in the beginning half of ‘I might have sung,’ she stresses the first and third syllables in the following phrase ‘like a mother’ (131), which reverses the iambic meter. The noticeable change from iambic meter to trochee creates further friction within the stanza. The notion that the word ‘mother’ distracts the narrator generates unease. [1] All quotations in this essay are taken from the poem, ‘The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point’ by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. [2] J. Lennard, ‘Punctuation’, in the Poetry Handbook: A Guide to Reading Poetry for Pleasure and Practical Criticism, John Lennard (Oxford, England: Oxf ord University Press, 2005), 115-116. In stanza XX, readers observe the occurrence that makes the narrator irate. When the speaker ‘pull[s] the kerchief close;’ (134) she moves the blanket covering the child. She and the child ‘look at one another’ (139) for the first time in the passage. The colon, located after the word ‘close’ (134), represents ‘the second heaviest stop.’[1] The colon connects the line with importance, and is significant because it is a warning signal to the reader. She sees the baby’s face when she moves the kerchief. Commas—or short breaks—permeate the line, ‘More, then, alive, than now he does’ (136). The narrator also changes the verb tense in this line, as she transitions from past to present tense. The word ‘then’ indicates the past, while the phrase ‘now he does,’ indicates the present. The speaker is going off on a tangent and becomes distracted. Her mind wanders to the condition of the baby in the present, again warning readers of his tragic fate. The curt question ‘where?’ (137) is a delineation of her original story, but is poignant and further captures the reader’s attention. The dash before the question indicates her temporary distraction, as she goes from recounting details to unguardedly voicing her concerns by asking a question. Still speaking in the present tense, she exclaims, ‘Close!’ (138). The narrator snaps back into reality, shown by the use of the exclamation point, and returns to her monologue in the past tense. There is a line break after the phrase, ‘child and mother,’ (138) and she states that they ‘do wrong to look at one another’ (139). The primary connection between a child and mother is their mutual gaze, so the compunction the narrator feels when looking at her baby is disquieting. At this point, the relationship between a child and mother under slavery diverges from traditional Victorian familial relationships. The line break after ‘a child and mother’ (138) magnifies the contrast between the narrator’s relationship with her son and a free woman’s relationship with her child. The words ‘black’ and ‘fair’ are stressed in the meter of the last line, ‘When one is black and one is fair,’ (140). The narrator’s child is at the centre of the conflict between slaves and masters. Her emphasis on the words ‘black’ and ‘fair’ highlights her frustration for the difference between the two populations—slaves are bound by servitude while masters are free. [3] See Lennard, the Poetry Handbook, 115 The narrator exhibits various emotions in stanza XXI. She uses the possessive noun in the phrase ‘my child’s face’ (142). This is the first time in the passage where she directly acknowledges that the baby is her child, enabling the reader to perceive a visceral emotion of the maternal connection between a child and a mother, regardless of race. This, in effect, magnifies the horror of the infanticide. The narrator expresses her emotions through punctuation. The speaker says, ‘—I tell you all,’ (142) followed by a dash and a line-break. Characteristic of the rest of the poem, she has to push herself along to get through the hard part. She fights against the urge to either forget or not disclose information, shown by the extensive use of punctuation. She uses commas and compounds it with dashes in this phrase, signifying her hesitation. She emphasizes the word ‘master’ in ‘master’s look’ (144). The italicization underscores the narrator’s sharp and bitter intonation. Her anger towards her master is manifested by the increase in pauses. The caesurae allow the speaker to breath and calm down before continuing. The narrator says, ‘the master’s look, that used to fall/On my soul like his lash†¦or worse!— /’ (144-145). She gains times to think about the ‘worse’ things the master had done by using an ellipses after the word ‘lash.’ The exclamation point confirms her acrimonious spirit. The enjambment between the line break ‘to save it from my curse / I twisted it round in my shawl’ (146-147) contrasts with the lack of fluidity of the rest of the stanza. After the word ‘Therefore,’ (146) she gathers the courage to fluently and succinctly describe her murder. While the murder makes the narrator seem deranged, her range of emotions displays humanness and vulnerability. She is not intrinsically crazy—her situation has led her to infanticide. While the murder horrifies Victorian society, it also appeals to women—even mothers—in the Victorian period. The narrator’s story illustrates how slavery effectively destroys the bonds between a mother and her child. Her child’s face reminds the speaker of ‘the master’s look,’ (144), and she inevitably becomes spiteful when reminded of her oppression. The most primitive instinct of a mother is to protect her child. Slavery has led the speaker to communicate her frustration in the only way she can, by killing her baby, who represents the bridge between black and white people—a link she cannot accept. The speaker is not entirely insensitive as a mother, as she recounts the death of her baby with fright. In stanza XXII, she states ‘Till, after a time, he lay, instead, / Too suddenly still and mute. / And I felt, beside, a creeping cold— /’ (150-152). She later says, ‘As in lifting a leaf of the mango-fruit’ (154). The narrator peppers the stanza with alliteration, using phrases such as ‘suddenly still’ (151), ‘creeping cold,’ (152) and ‘lifting a leaf’ (154). She uses consonance to emphasize â€Å"t† sounds, forcing the reader to enunciate and acknowledge each word. In the line, ‘I dared to lift up just a fold,’ (153) the meter returns to iambs, restoring the calm after a few hectic lines. She states that ‘he moaned and trembled’ (148). There is repetition with the first line of stanza XIX where he ‘moaned and beat’ (127). While in the beginning the baby fought, he is now too weak. The speaker uses the dash in the end of the lines ‘he shivered from head to foot,’ (149) and ‘I felt, beside, a creeping cold’ (152). The abundance of commas further indicates that the narrator is pushing through both her own and the reader’s horror. Her use of the words ‘shiver’ (149) and ‘creeping’ (152) elicits chills, and the icy mood of this stanza compares to the eeriness in stanza XIX. The narrator is living out a certain logic that is not necessarily sane, but her diction shows that she is affected by her actions. She uses the word ‘dare’ (153) to display her vulnerability and fear. She did not simply kill her child and emotionlessly lift the ‘fold’ (153) to examine the corpse. The speaker feels a ‘creeping cold’ (152) and hesitates during the line break in an effort to gather courage to see the baby. This indicates she is not entirely devoid of reason or the ba sic maternal connection with her child. In the final line of the passage, the narrator uses simile to compare the shawl to the leaf of a ‘mango-fruit’ (154). Leaves cover and wrap around mangoes, while the insides are tender. The narrator suggests that her baby was sweet. She does not hate her baby; she is just unable to love him, as the baby is too powerful a reminder of her oppression. The narrator’s reaction to the infanticide forces the reader to re-evaluate whether or not she is simply a madwoman; the monologue reveals her despair and societal frustration to be what drives her to the radical action. The narrator, a black woman, was bound by society and lacked control over her life. She unfurls her tragic monologue with conflict, desolation, and desperation. This abolitionist poem appealed to Victorian society because it conveyed the horror of infanticide, a ramification of the narrator’s hard conditions as a slave-woman. Bibliography Browning, Elizabeth Barrett. ‘The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point,’ lines 127-154. Lennard, John. Punctuation. In The Poetry Handbook. 2nd ed. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2005.

dred scott - 1637 Words

Dred Scott was an enslaved African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and their two daughters in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case of 1857, popularly known as the Dred Scott Decision. The case was based on the fact that although he and his wife Harriet Scott were slaves, they had lived with his slave owner, Dr. John Emerson, in states and territories where slavery was illegal according to both state laws and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, including Illinois and Minnesota. The United States Supreme Court decided 7–2 against Scott, finding that neither he nor any other person of African ancestry could claim citizenship in the United States, and therefore Scott could not bring†¦show more content†¦The Blow family settled near Huntsville, Alabama, where they unsuccessfully attempted farming. In 1830 the Blow family took Scott with them when they relocated to St. Louis, Missouri. They sold him to John Emerson, a doctor serving in the United States Army. Marriage and family In 1836 Dred Scott met a teenaged slave named Harriet Robinson whose slave owner was Major Lawrence Taliaferro, an army officer from Virginia. Taliaferro allowed Scott and Harriet to marry and transferred his ownership of Harriet to Dr. Emerson so the couple could be together. In 1838, Harriet gave birth to their first child, Eliza. In 1840, they had another daughter they named Lizzie. Eventually, they would also have two sons, but neither survived past infancy. February 1838 in Louisiana, Dr. Emerson married Eliza Irene Sanford, and the Emerson’s and Scotts returned to Missouri in 1840. In 1842, Emerson left the Army. After he died in the Iowa Territory in 1843, his widow Eliza inherited his estate, including the Scotts. For three years after Emerson s death, she continued to lease out the Scotts as hired slaves. In 1846, Scott attempted to purchase his and his family s freedom, but Eliza Irene Emerson refused, prompting Scott to resort to legal recourse. Dred Scott case Having failed to purchase his freedom, in 1846 Scott filed legal suit in St Louis Circuit Court through the help of a local lawyer. Historical details about why Scott sought recourse in the courtShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Dred Scott2015 Words   |  9 Pagesas people, but as black or white. Dred Scott was born a slave in Virginia and had to face these hardships his whole entire life. When he finally walked on to free soil where slavery was prohibited, he stayed and chose to still be with his owner. Once his owner died, he and his wife decided to sue for their freedom. Little did they know, that the rules only applied to certain people when they wanted them to. The Dred Scott Decision Introduction Dred Scott was a slave born in Southampton CountyRead MoreDred Scott s Dred 1072 Words   |  5 PagesSartori April, 2015 Research paper Dred Scott was a hardworking slave who fought to be free. He even went to the Supreme Court to ask for justice. His owner granted him freedom after that. He got a job and lived with his wife and two kids. Dred Scott was part of African-American history. He even helped move the country to the Civil War!(Source 1) But he died shortly after obtaining his freedom. Dred Scott was a slave born around 1775. His parents were slaves alsoRead MoreDred Scott Decision Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pagesridiculous to most of the Southern people. My second paragraph is about Dred Scott’s life. It will mostly be about his life before the case. The third paragraph will be information about the case in court. It will include many facts from the trials. The fourth paragraph will tell of the United States Supreme Court decision and its effects. It will also include people’s reactions to the final decision. â€Å"Dred Scott was an enslaved African American†, (Appleby 446-447). He was born intoRead MoreEssay on Dred Scott779 Words   |  4 Pages In this position paper I will explain the trials that Dred Scott had to go through in his life in his attempts for justice to be served. Dred Scott was born in 1799, and was an illiterate slave. His parents were slaves and so he was born the property of the Peter Blow family. In 1804 The United States took possesion of Missouri and after many debates on whether or not it would be a slavery state, a resolution known as the Missouri Compromise came along. This made a balance in the numberRead MoreThe Significance of Dred Scott2281 Words   |  10 PagesHistory 201 Dr. Eugenie Blang 12/10/2013 The Significance of Dred Scott Many times during our class discussions and lectures we tried to examine the stages leading up to the succession and Civil War in America. During the critical time period of the middle 19th century, the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision of the Supreme Court was one of those major treads on the pathway to secession. The man Dred Scott was taken to Missouri with Peter Blow as a slave from Virginia and sold. His new master fromRead MoreDred Scott and Slavery623 Words   |  2 PagesDred Scott was a man that grew up in the tough times of slavery. Scott was born around the year 1800 and died in 1858. As a young man and all the way up to his death he tried several times to gain freedom for his family and himself through the Missouri court system, but failed. Scott then took his case to a court in Missouri, where he won only to have the final decision revoked by the Supreme Court (â€Å"Dred Scott Biography†). The notorious outcome of Dred Scott v. Sandford case embarked the start of Read MoreDred Scott V. Sandford1454 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Dred Scott v. Sandford was decided in 1857, it made an enormous impact on the United States. It riled up both pro- and anti-slavery Americans. It angered many Americans in an extreme example of judicial activism. Some say it made the Civil War inevitable. By the time the dust had settled and the 13th and 14th Amendments reversed the Court’s decision, Dred Scott could be considered one of the worst Supreme Court decisions of all time. And yet, although the case was egregiously wrong, it stillRead MoreDred Scott Research Paper1429 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dred Scott Decision of 1857 ruled that African-Americans, even ones who were not enslaved, were not protected under The Constitution and could never be citizens. This brings up questions that will be answered in this paper. Should slaves be American citizens? Is it morally correct for one to own another human? Does the Dred Scott decision contradict The Declaratio n of Independence which states that every man is created equal? Who was Dred Scott? Dred Scott was born in Virginia about 1799 ofRead MoreDred Scott V. Sanford1309 Words   |  6 Pagessociety. Among these landmark disputes may be found issues as divisive as reproductive health, fundamental economic freedoms, the power of the Supreme Court and, of course, race. Among these, Dred Scott v. Sanford occupies a special place. Often called as the â€Å"worst decision made by the Supreme Court†, Dred Scott v. Sanford provided an impetus for slavers to continue an injustice that had existed since the colonial era . By deciding the way it did, the United States Supreme Court also created a divideRead MoreThe Dred Scott Case Analysis2202 Words   |  9 Pages Talbott 1 The Dred Scott case came at a very turbulent time in American history. It came at the midpoint of both the slavery argument and the brewing civil war. This case would be a deciding factor to see where the supreme court fell on the issue of slavery, and in a way, was a deciding factor in that slavery would not be something that could just go away. We’d have to fight to get rid of it, spill american blood over it. That seemed like an impossibility at the time though, this case was just another

Heritage Assessment - 1404 Words

HERITAGE ASSESSMENT LYNN BAKER GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY: NRS 429 V MARCH 24, 2013 Culture is the foundation of all social distinctiveness and advancement. Culture heritage is the legacy that each generation receives and passes to the next generation. It includes all the aspects of a community’s past and present that is considered valuable and desires to pass on to future generations. People have different beliefs concerning health, illness, diseases, life and death; which are guided by cultural beliefs. This essay will discuss the usefulness of applying a heritage assessment in evaluating the needs of the whole person. Also, I will expound on interviews conducted with three cultural families with comparison differences in health†¦show more content†¦In protecting health, foods eaten after childbirth was a dish called gahat. Gahat is similar to barley, and was made into a thick broth. Special butter and herbs were added, which gave it the resemblance of mash potatoes. A spice called berbere, eaten with yogurt, was used to help relieve back pain during childbirth. They were told to avoid the Tebebti people. This superstitious belief professed that by looking into the eyes of these people would make one sick. Special religious customs consisted of kissing a wooden cross held in the hands of a priest. In restoring health, the church is often a place for discussions about health, community and social issues. Eritreans do seek medical care from health providers; but they believe in the healing powers of different plants. The last family interviewed was from northern India. She lived in a nuclear family with five sisters and no brothers. They were raised in an urban area in northern India. She arrived in the United States at the age of 35. Her religious preference is Hindu and native language is Hindi. Most of her friends are of the Sikh religion. She is a vegetarian; and ethnic food is often prepared in the home. She practices her religion in the home through prayers, fasting and reading of the religious book, Gita. Health mai ntenance in the northern region consisted of wearing special clothing, such as a shirt (kamiz), a bottom (salwar) and a scarf (dupta). In southern India, the clothing wornShow MoreRelatedHeritage Notation Assessment4283 Words   |  18 PagesThe affects of Heritage notation orders Detailed analysis 23rd April 2012 Contents Abstract Introduction What is Heritage Significance? What is a Heritage notation order? What are the benefits of heritage listing? What does a heritage listing entail? How is the community affected? What are the disadvantages of heritage listing? The role of local government planning. The role of the Commonwealth. The positive impact of heritage listing on value. The negative impact of heritage listing on valueRead MoreHeritage Assessment1510 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Heritage Assessment: Comparing Cultural Health Traditions Monica V. Poehner Grand Canyon University: Family Centered Health Promotion November 16, 2013 Heritage Assessment: Comparing Cultural Health Traditions Culture and heritage are the properties that make up a way of life for a specific population. As referenced by South African History Online (n.d.), â€Å"Culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of societyRead MoreHeritage Assessment1503 Words   |  7 Pageshead: THE HERITAGE ASSESSMENT OF HISPANIC, ASIAN AND The Heritage Assessment of Hispanic, Asian and African American Families B.Cohran Grand Canyon University The Heritage Assessment of Hispanic, Asian and African American Families The Heritage Assessment Tool (HST) is used to â€Å"investigate a given patient’s or your own ethnic, cultural, and religious heritage†¦it can help determine how deeply a given person identifies with a particular tradition†. (prenhall.com). This assessment of 29 questionsRead MoreHeritage Assessment1246 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage assessment Danielle Sumner Grand Canyon University Heritage assessment Introduction The Heritage Assessment Tool can be adopted as a dependable tool to gauge, health maintenance, restoration and safeguard of personal, cultural beliefs. The adoption of health assessment tool helps meet the prerequisites of diverse patient populations to offer quality all-inclusive care. The following paper reviews the assessment of three culturally dissimilar families, and demonstrate how a nurse wouldRead MoreHeritage Assessment1064 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage Assessment By, Genethia Guerrero Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V Family Health Promotion 04/17/2011 Jose Alejandro Every individual has a cultural heritage. Each culture views the world differently. Culture is an inherited characteristic and includes knowledge, beliefs, customs, skills, likes and dislikes. The fundamental role of cultural heritage is uniting, respecting the diversities and brings people together to face the future by informing, perceiving and give importance toRead MoreHeritage Assessment1611 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influence of Heritage on Current Culture Evaluation of how family subscribes to these traditions and practices is offered in detail, while offering insight and/or reflection.It is essential for nurses to provide culturally sensitive care to each and every patient in order to establish repor and maintain a safe working relationship with each individual. To provide culturally sensitive care to a nurses patient’s he or she must first assess their own beliefs, values, and culture at large. TheRead MoreHeritage Assessment1366 Words   |  6 PagesAs a measurement tool, heritage assessment helps a person appreciate further his cultural background, find strengths in his personality (based from his specific cultural background), and work on weaknesses that he has. Unlike other assessment tools, this is a quantitative-based approach aimed at threshing out a person’s family, religious and ethnic background that Influences the healthcare delivered to that person or to their culture The greater the number of the positiv e responses shows the person’sRead MoreHeritage Assessment1104 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage Assessment NRS-429V | Culture and Cultural Competency in Health Promotion John Thomas 3/24/13 The Heritage Assessment tool is primarily used as a device to evaluate health maintenance, health protection, and health restoration of a person’s cultural beliefs and values (Spector, 2006). This assessment helps aid in providing quality patient care in that it helps to meet and respect the needs of different types of people and their respective backgrounds (Spector, 2002). This particularRead MoreHeritage Assessment963 Words   |  4 PagesHeritage Assessment Tracie Bigelow Grand Canyon University: 429V Melinda Darling September 29, 2013 Heritage Assessment Culture is defined as the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society group place of time (Culture, 2013). The heritage assessment tool is a great method used to assess health maintenance, protection, and restoration of each individual’s cultural beliefs. The heritage assessment tool is often used by healthcare providers to help determine different culturalRead MoreHeritage Assessment968 Words   |  4 PagesHeritage Assessment Angel S. Winnie Grand Canyon University: NRS429V May 17, 2013 Heritage Assessment The heritage assessment tool is a checklist used by professionals to gain knowledge of patient’s culture and beliefs prior to initiating care. (Spector, 2000). There are many different cultures in this country, brining different beliefs in health, illness, recovery, death, and life. The heritage assessment tool is an important measure towards better understanding of cultural competency,

Influence Organizational Satisfaction Rating-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Influence Organizational Satisfaction Rating? Answer: Introduction Marketers must try to anticipate that frequent changes occur in customer behaviour and the rising expectations and different contradictory obsession are the most important things that must be dealt with easily. It is the responsibility of the consumers to give information that is related to brand and with the growing expectation of a fair and better value to exchange. Consumer behaviour is associated with the consumption of different products and services and in this paper, the behaviour of the consumer is highlighted with reference to Four Seasons hotel. In the hospitality and hotel industry, there is continuous change and it is important that these will function without any disruption. The ways in which the hotel will react according to the expectations of the guests will have a dramatic impact on the profitability of the restaurant. The guest must also realize that they can use online websites and social media when they are not satisfied with the quality of service. This paper wil l highlight how changing consumer behavioural trends will affect the customer expectations and how the hotel chains will deal with them effectively (Hudson Hudson, 2017). Critical evaluation of how changing consumer behavioural trends will affect customers expectations Consumer behaviour is referred as the purchasing behaviour of the customers to meet the needs of the customers. This is also defined as the method of exchange in relation to the product or service. It can be said that these consumer behaviour is influenced by different factors such as cultural, social as well as personal factors. The different social, demographic, cultural as well as social factors that include the buying behaviour of the consumers are religion, race, education, family size as well as occupation. These factors are considered as the basic factors and these helps in differentiating the consumer groups on the basis of their preferences, customer wants and usage. Customer satisfaction is generally referred to as the consumption judgement after purchasing product (Ali Amin, 2014). This occurs because of the evaluative process that is in contrast with the prepurchase expectation and with the perception of the performance of the hotel industry and the experiences of the co nsumers. Different research has been conducted on the quality of service of the hotel industry and this is conducted within the structure of service quality model. It is vital to understand the difference between the perceptions of the consumers and the expectations of the consumers. Moreover, differences are also seen in the perceptions of the management as well as the specification of the service quality. These two differences affect the way through which the services are delivered and the continued existence of these gaps which help in solving out these problems (Wang , Wang, Yang, 2016). It is necessary to measure the expectations and the perceptions of the tourists in the hotel industry and this is possible with respect to service quality as well as the products that are to be delivered by the hotel industry. Moreover, it is also vital to assess the perception and expectations of the hotel managers in respect to the service quality and products that are provided by the hotel industry (Kriss, 2014). Management plays a critical role in order to understand the expectation of the consumers in respect to the hotel industry. These perception deals basically with the expectation of the customers regarding the service quality and this should be in congruent with the expectation that is expressed by the customers. The senior management as well as the authority must have proper setting priorities and thus developing the standards and the quality of service. It is also vital to measure the service quality gap of the hotel industry and to compare the perceptions of the manageme nt with the expectations of the customers. Customer satisfaction has a considerable position in the marketing industry over the past few decades since the customers can help in the generation of long term benefits for the company that includes sustained profitability as well customer loyalty (Walls, Wang, Kwun, 2011). The researchers have explained that these mechanisms of customer satisfaction can be associated with certain distinct theories such as the contrast theory, cognitive or assimilation dissonance theory, expectancy-disconfirmation theory, value-percept theory and equity theory. It has been found that if the perceived performance is more than the expectations, this expectation is positively disconfirmed and it leads to customer satisfaction. On the other hand, if these perceived performance is less than the expectations, it will be negatively disconfirmed and thus leads to customer dissatisfaction. Moreover, another important theory that is associated with customer satisfa ction is the equity theory and this theory suggests that the customers must perceive what they obtain and these benefits are to compared with the costs. Perceived value is also an important factor for measuring the satisfaction of the customers (Rahimi Kozak, 2017). The three factor theory helps in the explanation of a better structure and it also provides description for the entire structure of customer satisfaction. Moreover, the theory has also highlighted the three independent factors that will influence customers satisfaction in different ways. There is no such basic requirement for the other factors that causes satisfaction. It can be said that the failure to fulfil these minimum requirements will cause dissatisfaction among the customers. Moreover exceeding or fulfilling these requirements will not necessarily lead to customer satisfaction (Izogo Ogba, 2015). The excitement factor will help in increasing customer satisfaction and if this is not delivered, it will cause dissatisfaction. On the other hand, the performance factors will lead to satisfaction and if the performance is high. This is validated by the theories mentioned above and it will also provide further perspectives for analysing the effects of attributes of the hotel indust ry on customer satisfaction. These factors can be seen as the essential requisites that play an important role in customer satisfaction and it also signifies that the customers must not be taken for granted in these organisations. Therefore, the performance factors plays a critical role and it is directly associated with the explicit needs and wants of the customers (Hapsari, Clemes Dean, 2016). The actual action and the behavioural intention are also regarded as the motivational component of volitional behaviour and thus this is associated with the quality and type of services received by the individuals from the hotel industry. It is also important to have a better understanding of the determinants that plays a special role in analysing the intentions of the customers for predicting their future behaviour as well as recommending other people about their purchase as well as post-purchase behaviour (Kassinis Soteriou, 2015). It can be said that healthy options are also considered as a direct determinant of the behavioural intentions and this will not influence the customer satisfaction. The hotel industry also contains a harmonious mixture of three important elements i.e. the attitudes and the behaviour of the people, the product or the services and the environment. It can be said that food quality is also regarded as a general factor that influences post dining behavioural intentions as well as customer satisfaction. There are seven important attributes of a restaurant that plays a vital role in the post purchase intention of the customers. Therefore, these relationships can be evaluated in a better way and the relationship between the different individual attributes can be compared with customer satisfaction in a better way (Berry, Carbone Heckel 2012). How international hotel chains are dealing with the expectations of the consumers The international hotel chains have a direct as well as indirect impact on the business. It has been found that customer satisfaction affects the profitability of the hotel. This has been found in case of Four seasons as well as all other hotel chains. Customer satisfaction helps in increasing customer loyalty and thus this influences the repurchase intentions as well as positive word-of-mouth. The main role of customer satisfaction is not important to the customers and there has been further research that is devoted for investigating the different determinants of customer satisfaction (Lawrence Perrigot, 2015). Moreover, numerous studies has also been carried out to find out the attitudes of the customers, friendliness of the employees, value of courtesy and money for the staffs that will help in the determination of customer satisfaction. It is also vital to know that providing satisfaction to the customers is the key starting point that lays an impact on the business. The guest c omment cards (GCC) helps in the determination of customer satisfaction and studies reveal that different hotel chains prefer to use guest satisfaction as an important evaluative method that is based upon inadequate practices and thus helps in taking important managerial decisions (Liat, Mansori Huei, 2014). It is also important to determine that the service quality must be considered as subjective, elusive and abstract concept. This quality is considered as a multi-dimensional concept as there are three important dimensions that must be associated with these concepts such as tangibles, reliability, interactive quality, corporate quality as well as service quality. On the other hand, content analysis is also considered as an observational method and it will help in the systematic analysis of symbolic content that is possible in all forms of recorded communication. This will provide quantitative objective as well as generalised description of the entire content. It can be said that the level of satisfaction of the selected hotel product is the key factor upon which the selection of the other factors are dependent (Chamberlin, 2015). There is continuous struggle among the consumers and this is clearly reflected in the spatial services and solution, pricing policy as well as aggressive mark eting approaches. However, it can be said that these are not the case of all hotel chains. The brand factor also plays an important role in customer satisfaction as well as it is regarded as the major strength of the hotel industry. It is also important to attract a new customer in the hotel industry and this is possible only if these steps are followed by the particular hotel. Therefore, it can be said that knowing the demands and expectations of the customers is important because it helps in understanding how the customers defines the service quality and products and it also facilitates the development of customer satisfaction (Borowski, 2015). Conclusion Therefore, it has been found that customers have given different ratings for the service quality that is provided by different hotel chains. The concept of new services and spatial organisation that are taken from small entrepreneurs has also proven to be successful within the large hotel industries. Thus, the customers are the gainer in the global market competition and this provides the guests with the better service quality and options. References Berry, L. Carbone, L.P., Heckel S.H. (2012).Managing the total customer experience. MIT Sloan Management Review, Spring Issue. Borowski, C. (2015). What a Great Digital Customer Experience Actually Looks Like. Harvard Business Review, November 2015. Chamberlin, Chris. (2015). What makes a great hotel for business Hudson, S. Hudson, L. (2017).Customer Service for Hospitality and Tourism.Goodfellows Publishing, distributed by e-hotelier.Chapter 1. Jen Chun Wang , Yi-Chieh Wang, Yang-FeiTai , (2016),"Systematic review of the elements and service standards of delightful service", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 28 Iss 7 pp. 1310 1337. Kriss, P. (2014). The Value of Customer Experience, Quantified. Harvard Business Review, August Walls, A. Wang, Y R, Joon-Wuk Kwun, D. (2011). Understanding the Customer Experience: An Exploratory Study of Luxury Hotels, Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management, vol. 20, pp. 166-197. Rahimi, R., Kozak, M. (2017). Impact of customer relationship management on customer satisfaction: The case of a budget hotel chain.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,34(1), 40-51. Ali, F., Amin, M. (2014). The influence of physical environment on emotions, customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions in Chinese resort hotel industry.Journal for Global Business Advancement,7(3), 249-266. Hapsari, R., Clemes, M., Dean, D. (2016). The mediating role of perceived value on the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction: Evidence from Indonesian airline passengers.Procedia Economics and Finance,35, 388-395. Liat, C. B., Mansori, S., Huei, C. T. (2014). The associations between service quality, corporate image, customer satisfaction, and loyalty: Evidence from the Malaysian hotel industry.Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management,23(3), 314-326. Kassinis, G. I., Soteriou, A. C. (2015). Environmental and quality practices: using a video method to explore their relationship with customer satisfaction in the hotel industry.Operations Management Research,8(3-4), 142-156. Izogo, E. E., Ogba, I. E. (2015). Service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty in automobile repair services sector.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,32(3), 250-269. Lawrence, B., Perrigot, R. (2015). Influence of organizational form and customer type on online customer satisfaction ratings.Journal of Small Business Management,53(S1), 58-74.

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